Mazzarino, Rome (Italy) G. Muñoz, Madrid (Spain) R. Montes de Oca Porto, Havana (Cuba) M. Okano, Tokyo (Japan) H. Pereira, Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) T. Piper, Cologne (Germany) C. Reichel, Seibersdorf (Austria) [...] including SG were also performed for all urine samples using an Atago 3464 Refractometer (Atago, Tokyo, Japan). Urine sample preparation was conducted according to the validated initial screening (ITP) and c [...] spots and urine for doping control purposes Anti-Doping Laboratory, LSI Medience Corporation, Tokyo, Japan Abstract Sample substitution, which is the process of substituting an athlete's urine with that of